Fate, weathering, behaviour and toxicity of priority Hazardous and Noxious Substances

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On this database it is collected information on fate, weathering, behaviour and toxicity of priority Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) from different sources. This systematized information is a useful tool to predict the behaviour of priority HNS in accidental spills, backing spill preparedness and effective decision-making process. This database also provides an important support to environmental and human health risk assessment, and monitoring actions.

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Name: Aniline

CAS Number: 62-53-3

UN Number: 1547

Formulae: C6H5NH2

Name: Aniline

CAS Number: 62-53-3

UN Number: 1547

Formulae: C6H5NH2

Physicochemical properties/Characteristics

FD

Physical behaviour (GESAMP, 2016)

1, 2

93.129

Molecular Weight
(g/mol)

2

1.02

Density
(kg/L)

2

0.09

Vapour pressure
(KPa; 25ºC)

2

36000

Water solubility
(mg/L; 25ºC)

2

4.35

Dynamic viscosity
(mPa.s; 20ºC)

2, 3

-6.0

Melting point (ºC)

2

184.2

Boiling point (ºC)

2

707.4

Volatilization half-life (days)

4
  1. G: gas; D: dissolver; E: evaporator; F: floater; S: sinker; GD: gas/dissolver; DE: dissolver/evaporator; FD: floater/dissolver; FE: floater/evaporator; FED: floater/evaporator/dissolver; Fp: persistent floater; SD: sinker/dissolver
  2. Values collected from the literature and public databases e.g. PubChem
  3. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  4. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM

Fugacity/Persistence

0.01

Air

4, 5

99.50

Water

4, 5

0.01

Soil

4, 5

0.47

Sediment

4, 5

14.2

Persistence (days)

4
  1. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM
  2. In the present study, only emissions in water were considered

Physicochemical degradation/Biodegradation

1.2

Atmosferic Oxidation (hours)

4

R

Biodegradation rate (GESAMP, 2016)

6, 7

0.31

Aerobic biodegradation probability

4

3.61 days-weeks

Primary aerobic biodegradation half-life

4, 8

2.88 weeks

Ultimate aerobic biodegradation half-life

4, 8

-

Hydrocarbon Biodegradation half-life (days)

3, 4

0.30

Anaerobic Biodegradation probability

4
  1. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  2. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM
  3. Results obtained from the literature
  4. GESAMP criteria consider substances to be “readily biodegradable” (R) if, in 28-day biodegradation studies, the following levels of degradation are achieved: in tests based upon dissolved organic carbon (DOC) die-away: ≥ 70%; or in tests based upon oxygen depletion or carbon dioxide generation: ≥ 60% of the theoretical maxima; or where only chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) data are available, the ratio of BOD5/COD ≥ 0.5; or where other convincing scientific evidence is available to demonstrate that the substance can be degraded (biotically and/or abiotically) in the aquatic environment to a level of > 70% within a 28-day period. Otherwise they are “not readily biodegradable” (NR) (GESAMP, 2014).
  5. See Table 1 in the supplementary material for more information on the rating reported by Boethling et al. (1994)

Bioaccumulation/Biotransformation

0.03

Biotransformation half-life (days)

2

0.90

Partition coefficient (log Kow)

2

1.6

Bioconcentration factor (BFC)

4

0

Bioaccumulation rate (GESAMP, 2016)

9

1.62

Adsorption coefficient (log koc)

2
  1. Values collected from the literature and public databases e.g. PubChem
  2. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM
  3. See Table 2 in the supplementary material for more information on Bioaccumulation rate classification (GESAMP, 2014)

Aquatic Toxicity

3

Acute toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

10

2

Chronic toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

3, 10
  1. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  2. See Table 3 in the supplementary material for more information on Aquatic Toxicity classification (GESAMP, 2014)

Acute Mammals/Human health effects

2

Oral Toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

2

Dermal toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

3

Inhalation toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

1

Skin irritation & corrosion (GESAMP, 2016)

11

3

Eye irritation & corrosion (GESAMP, 2016)

11

5

Toxicity

12

15

Severity

12
  1. See Table 4 in the supplementary material for more information on Human health (Toxic effects to mammals) classification (GESAMP, 2014)
  2. For more information on Toxicity and Severity scores consult Harold et al. (2014)

Chronic Human/Mammals health effects

1

Carcinogenicity (IARC)

3, 13

No

Mutagenicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Reprotoxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

Yes

Sensitizing to skin (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Aspiration hazard (GESAMP, 2016)

11

Yes

Target Organ Toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Sensitizing to respiratory system (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Neurotoxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Immunotoxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11
  1. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  2. See Table 4 in the supplementary material for more information on Human health (Toxic effects to mammals) classification (GESAMP, 2014)
  3. See Table 5 in the supplementary material for more information on IARC classification

Toxicity tests results
PNECseawater: 0.15 µg/L
PNECwater, intermittent: 1.6 µg/L

Algae

EC50

Parameter

1

94

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Species

Growth rate

Endpoint

Freshwater; 72h-exposure

Observations

1

EC50

Parameter

1

19

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Selenastrum sp.

Species

Growth rate

Endpoint

Freshwater; 96h-exposure

Observations

2

EC50

Parameter

2

19

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Species

Population growth rate

Endpoint

Freshwater; 96h-exposure

Observations

3

EC50

Parameter

3

0.25

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Species

Growth

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 14d-exposure

Observations

4

EC50

Parameter

2

19

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Selenastrum capricornutum

Species

Biomass

Endpoint

Freshwater; 96h-exposure

Observations

5

LC50

Parameter

4

183.9

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Chlorella vulgaris

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 24 °C; 12-13d-exposure

Observations

6

NOEC

Parameter

2

2

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Selenastrum capricornutum

Species

Biomass

Endpoint

Freshwater; 96h-exposure

Observations

7
  1. 1 EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume Information System (HPVIS) on Benzenamine (62-53-3) as cited in the TOXNET database. Available at: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ (accessed October 27, 2015)
  2. Calamari D et al; Chemosphere 9 (12): 753-762 (1980) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 27, 2015)
  3. Gaur JP; Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 16 (6): 617-620 (1988) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 28, 2015)
  4. Ammann HM, Terry B; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 35: 234-239 (1985) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 26, 2015)

Invertebrates

EC50

Parameter

1

0.6

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Behaviour, equilibrium

Endpoint

Freshwater; 24h-exposure

Observations

8

EC50

Parameter

2

0.66

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Behaviour, motility, swimming

Endpoint

Freshwater; 24h-exposure; < 24h age

Observations

9

EC50

Parameter

3

0.16

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Intoxication, Immobilization

Endpoint

Freshwater; 20 °C; 48h-exposure; ≤ 24h age (Neonate)

Observations

10 Lowest

LC50

Parameter

4

0.5

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Intoxication, immobilization

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 20-22 ºC; 24h-exposure; < 24h age

Observations

11

LC50

Parameter

5

0.170

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 19.4-20.2 °C; 48h-exposure; < 24h age

Observations

12

LC50

Parameter

6

0.68

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 48h-exposure; < 24h age

Observations

13

LC50

Parameter

6

0.1

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia pulex

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 48h-exposure; < 24h age

Observations

14

LC50

Parameter

6

0.68

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia cucullata

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 48h-exposure; 11d age

Observations

15

LC50

Parameter

7

0.168

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Ceriodaphnia dubia

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25.2 °C; 24h-exposure; < 24h age

Observations

16

LC50

Parameter

7

0.044

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Ceriodaphnia dubia

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25.2 °C; 48h-exposure; < 24h age

Observations

17

LC50

Parameter

8

0.190

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Ceriodaphnia dubia

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow-through; 25.1-25-5 °C; 96h-exposure; < 24h age

Observations

18

NOEC

Parameter

9

0.015

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water Flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Reproduction

Endpoint

Freshwater; 21d life-cycle test

Observations

19 Lowest
  1. Bringmann G, Kuehn R; Z. Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch.15 (1): 1-6 (1982) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed January 12, 2017)
  2. Hattori M et al; Seitai Kagaku 6 (4): 23-27 (1984) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 28, 2015)
  3. Dom N et al; Chemosphere 81 (2): 177-186 (2010) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 3, 2017)
  4. Bringmann G, Kuehn R; TR-79-1204, Literature Research Company, Annandale, VA: 26 p. (1977) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed January 12, 2017)
  5. Gersich FM, Mayes MA; Water Res 20 (7): 939-941 (1986) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 29, 2015)
  6. Canton JH, Adema DMM; Hydrobiologia 59 (2): 135-140 (1978) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 26, 2015)
  7. Spehar RL; Memo to C. Stephan, U.S.EPA, Duluth, MN: 24 p. (1987) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 27, 2015)
  8. Marchini S et al; Sci Total Environ Suppl 799-808 (1993) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 28, 2015)
  9. European Union Risk Assessment Report - aniline. Final Report, 2004. Available at: https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/0abd36ad-53de-4b0f-b258-10cf90f90493 (accessed February 2, 2017)

Fish

LC50

Parameter

1

74

Concentration
(mg/L)

Japanese medaka - Oryzias latipes

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25 °C; 24h-exposure

Observations

20

LC50

Parameter

2

2.2

Concentration
(mg/L)

Japanese medaka - Oryzias latipes

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 20 °C; 48h-exposure

Observations

21

LC50

Parameter

3

866.11

Concentration
(mg/L)

Zebrafish - Danio rerio

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; 25 °C; 96h-exposure; 8-cell stage egg(s)

Observations

22

LC50

Parameter

4

39

Concentration
(mg/L)

Zebrafish - Danio rerio

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Renewal; 24 °C; 28d-exposure; Fertilized eggs

Observations

23

LC50

Parameter

5

43.2

Concentration
(mg/L)

Largemouth bass - Micropterus salmoides

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 19-24 °C; 60h-exposure; Egg(s)

Observations

24

LC50

Parameter

5

4.4

Concentration
(mg/L)

Largemouth bass - Micropterus salmoides

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 19-24 °C; 10.5d-exposure; Egg(s)

Observations

25

LC50

Parameter

5

10

Concentration
(mg/L)

Goldfish - Carassius auratus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 19-24 °C; 84h-exposure; Egg(s)

Observations

26

LC50

Parameter

5

4.8

Concentration
(mg/L)

Goldfish - Carassius auratus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow throught; 19-24 °C; 7.5d-exposure; Egg(s)

Observations

27

LC50

Parameter

5

5.6

Concentration
(mg/L)

Channel catfish - Ictalurus punctatus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 28-29 °C; 4.5d-exposure; Egg(s)

Observations

28

LC50

Parameter

6

5.5

Concentration
(mg/L)

Channel catfish - Ictalurus punctatus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 25.9-29.6 °C; 4.5d-exposure; 4d post-hatch age (Egg(s))

Observations

29

LC50

Parameter

6

5

Concentration
(mg/L)

Channel catfish - Ictalurus punctatus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 25.9-29.6 °C; 8.5d-exposure; 4d post-hatch age (Egg(s))

Observations

30

LC50

Parameter

7

49

Concentration
(mg/L)

Bluegill - Lepomis macrochirus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 17.2 °C; 96h-exposure

Observations

31

LC50

Parameter

8

46

Concentration
(mg/L)

Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 15 °C; 12h-exposure; Juvenile(s)

Observations

32

LC50

Parameter

8

30.5

Concentration
(mg/L)

Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 15 °C; 24h-exposure; Juvenile(s)

Observations

33

LC50

Parameter

8

28.3

Concentration
(mg/L)

Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 15 °C; 48h-exposure; Juvenile(s)

Observations

34

LC50

Parameter

8

10.6

Concentration
(mg/L)

Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 15 °C; 96h-exposure; Juvenile(s)

Observations

35

LC50

Parameter

8

8.2

Concentration
(mg/L)

Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 15 °C; 7d-exposure; Juvenile(s)

Observations

36

LC50

Parameter

9

65

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; 20 °C; 48h-exposure; 3-4 weeks age

Observations

37

LC50

Parameter

10

134

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow throught; 26.1 ºC; 96h-exposure; 33d age

Observations

38

NOEC

Parameter

11

0.39

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Growth

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 32d-exposure; Embryos

Observations

39
  1. Tonogai Y et al; J Toxicol Sci 7 (3): 193-203 (1982) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 28, 2015)
  2. Yoshioka Y et al; Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 12 (1): 15-21 (1986) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed January 12, 2017)
  3. Groth G et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 50: 878-882 (1993) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 29, 2015)
  4. Van Leeuwen CJ et al; Aquat Toxicol 16 (4): 321-334 (1990) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 30, 2015)
  5. Birge WJ et al; ASTM Spec Tech Publ: 131-147 (1979) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed January 13, 2017)
  6. Birge WJ et al; EPA-560/11-79-007, U.S.EPA, Washington, D.C.: 60 p. (1979) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 30, 2015)
  7. Holcombe GW et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 16: 697-710 (1987) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 30, 2015)
  8. Abram FSH, Sims IR; Water Res 16 (8): 1309-1312 (1982) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed October 30, 2015)
  9. Slooff W; Natl Tech Inf Serv, Springfield, VA: 25 p. (1982) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed November 2, 2015)
  10. Brooke LT et al; Acute Toxicities of Organic Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas). Vol. 1. Superior, WI: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, Univ. of Wisconsin-Superior, 414 p. (1984)
  11. Russom CL, Broderius SJ; A Chronic Aquatic Toxicity Database for Development of Predictive Toxicology Models for Industrial Organics Chemicals. Deliverable No. 8477, PPA: L104/G/2013. US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55804 (1991)

Amphibians

EC50

Parameter

1

360

Concentration
(mg/L)

African clawed frog - Xenopus laevis

Species

Abnormal growth

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25 °C; 24h-exposure; Embryo(s) (midblastula stage)

Observations

40

EC50

Parameter

1

560

Concentration
(mg/L)

African clawed frog - Xenopus laevis

Species

Abnormal growth

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25 °C; 48h-exposure; Embryo(s) (midblastula stage)

Observations

41

EC50

Parameter

1

370

Concentration
(mg/L)

African clawed frog - Xenopus laevis

Species

Abnormal growth

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25 °C; 96h-exposure; Embryo(s) (midblastula stage)

Observations

42

EC50

Parameter

1

91

Concentration
(mg/L)

African clawed frog - Xenopus laevis

Species

Abnormal growth

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25 °C; 5d-exposure; Embryo(s) (midblastula stage)

Observations

43

LC50

Parameter

1

1400

Concentration
(mg/L)

African clawed frog - Xenopus laevis

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25 °C; 24h-exposure; Embryo(s) (midblastula stage)

Observations

44

LC50

Parameter

1

150

Concentration
(mg/L)

African clawed frog - Xenopus laevis

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25 °C; 96h-exposure; Larva(e)

Observations

45

LC50

Parameter

1

95

Concentration
(mg/L)

African clawed frog - Xenopus laevis

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25 °C; 5d-exposure; Larva(e)

Observations

46

LC50

Parameter

2

560

Concentration
(mg/L)

African clawed frog - Xenopus laevis

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 20 ºC; 48h-exposure; 3-4 weeks age

Observations

47

LC50

Parameter

2

440

Concentration
(mg/L)

Mexican axolotl - Ambystoma mexicanum

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 20 ºC; 48h-exposure; 3-4 weeks age

Observations

48
  1. Davis KR et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 10 (3): 371-391 (1981) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed November 2, 2015)
  2. Sloof W, Baerselman R; Bull Envir Contam Toxicol 24 (3): 439-443 (1980) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed January 13, 2017)

Mammals

LC50

Parameter

1

175

Concentration
(ppm)

Mouse

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; 7h-Inhalation

Observations

49

LD50

Parameter

1

492

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Mouse

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; intraperitoneal

Observations

50

LD50

Parameter

1

420

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; intraperitoneal

Observations

51

LD50

Parameter

1

1400

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; dermal

Observations

52

LD50

Parameter

1

250

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; oral

Observations

53

LD50

Parameter

2

1000

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rabbit

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; oral

Observations

54
  1. Lewis RJ Sr; Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th ed. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. (2004).
  2. Snyder R; Ethel Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume II: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Solvents. Elsevier, Amsterdam-New York-Oxford (1990).
References

Boethling RS, Howard PH, Meylan W, Stiteler W, Beauman J, Tirado N. 1994. Group contribution method for predicting probability and rate of aerobic biodegradation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28: 459-465.

Bonn Agreement, 1994. European Classification System, Bonn Agreement: Counter-Pollution Manual. Bonn Agreement, London (Chapter 25).

GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), 2014. Revised GESAMP Hazard Evaluation Procedure for Chemical Substances Carried by Ships, 2nd edition. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 64, 126 pp.

GESAMP Composite List, 2016. ANNEX 5 – UPDATED GESAMP COMPOSITE LIST. Available at: https://edocs.imo.org/Final Documents/English/PPR 1-CIRC.3 (E).docx (Accessed: December 12, 2016).

Harold PD, Souza AS, Louchart P, Russell D, Brunt H, 2014. Development of a risk based prioritisation methodology to inform public health emergency planning and preparedness in case of accidental spill at sea of hazardous and noxious substances (HNS). Environ. Int. 72: 157-163.