Fate, weathering, behaviour and toxicity of priority Hazardous and Noxious Substances

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On this database it is collected information on fate, weathering, behaviour and toxicity of priority Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) from different sources. This systematized information is a useful tool to predict the behaviour of priority HNS in accidental spills, backing spill preparedness and effective decision-making process. This database also provides an important support to environmental and human health risk assessment, and monitoring actions.

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Name: Tetrachloroethylene

CAS Number: 127-18-4

UN Number: 1897

Formulae: C2Cl4

Name: Tetrachloroethylene

CAS Number: 127-18-4

UN Number: 1897

Formulae: C2Cl4

Physicochemical properties/Characteristics

S

Physical behaviour (GESAMP, 2016)

1, 2

165.822

Molecular Weight
(g/mol)

2

1.62

Density
(kg/L)

2

2.47

Vapour pressure
(KPa; 25ºC)

2

206

Water solubility
(mg/L; 25ºC)

2

0.89

Dynamic viscosity
(mPa.s; 25ºC)

2, 3

-22.3

Melting point (ºC)

2

121.3

Boiling point (ºC)

2

33.7

Volatilization half-life (days)

4
  1. G: gas; D: dissolver; E: evaporator; F: floater; S: sinker; GD: gas/dissolver; DE: dissolver/evaporator; FD: floater/dissolver; FE: floater/evaporator; FED: floater/evaporator/dissolver; Fp: persistent floater; SD: sinker/dissolver
  2. Values collected from the literature and public databases e.g. PubChem
  3. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  4. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM

Fugacity/Persistence

19.00

Air

4, 5

80.50

Water

4, 5

0.01

Soil

4, 5

0.54

Sediment

4, 5

13.1

Persistence (days)

4
  1. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM
  2. In the present study, only emissions in water were considered

Physicochemical degradation/Biodegradation

599.8

Atmosferic Oxidation (hours)

4

NR

Biodegradation rate (GESAMP, 2016)

6, 7

0.01

Aerobic biodegradation probability

4

3.21 weeks

Primary aerobic biodegradation half-life

4, 8

2.14 months

Ultimate aerobic biodegradation half-life

4, 8

-

Hydrocarbon Biodegradation half-life (days)

3, 4

0.78

Anaerobic Biodegradation probability

4
  1. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  2. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM
  3. Results obtained from the literature
  4. GESAMP criteria consider substances to be “readily biodegradable” (R) if, in 28-day biodegradation studies, the following levels of degradation are achieved: in tests based upon dissolved organic carbon (DOC) die-away: ≥ 70%; or in tests based upon oxygen depletion or carbon dioxide generation: ≥ 60% of the theoretical maxima; or where only chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) data are available, the ratio of BOD5/COD ≥ 0.5; or where other convincing scientific evidence is available to demonstrate that the substance can be degraded (biotically and/or abiotically) in the aquatic environment to a level of > 70% within a 28-day period. Otherwise they are “not readily biodegradable” (NR) (GESAMP, 2014).
  5. See Table 1 in the supplementary material for more information on the rating reported by Boethling et al. (1994)

Bioaccumulation/Biotransformation

3.36

Biotransformation half-life (days)

2

3.40

Partition coefficient (log Kow)

2

46.0

Bioconcentration factor (BFC)

4

2

Bioaccumulation rate (GESAMP, 2016)

9

2.46

Adsorption coefficient (log koc)

2
  1. Values collected from the literature and public databases e.g. PubChem
  2. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM
  3. See Table 2 in the supplementary material for more information on Bioaccumulation rate classification (GESAMP, 2014)

Aquatic Toxicity

3

Acute toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

10

2

Chronic toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

3, 10
  1. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  2. See Table 3 in the supplementary material for more information on Aquatic Toxicity classification (GESAMP, 2014)

Acute Mammals/Human health effects

0

Oral Toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

0

Dermal toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

0

Inhalation toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

2

Skin irritation & corrosion (GESAMP, 2016)

11

1

Eye irritation & corrosion (GESAMP, 2016)

11

0

Toxicity

12

0

Severity

12
  1. See Table 4 in the supplementary material for more information on Human health (Toxic effects to mammals) classification (GESAMP, 2014)
  2. For more information on Toxicity and Severity scores consult Harold et al. (2014)

Chronic Human/Mammals health effects

3

Carcinogenicity (IARC)

3, 13

No

Mutagenicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Reprotoxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Sensitizing to skin (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Aspiration hazard (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Target Organ Toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Sensitizing to respiratory system (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Neurotoxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Immunotoxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11
  1. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  2. See Table 4 in the supplementary material for more information on Human health (Toxic effects to mammals) classification (GESAMP, 2014)
  3. See Table 5 in the supplementary material for more information on IARC classification

Toxicity tests results
PNECseawater: 5.1 µg/L
PNECwater, intermittent: 36.4 µg/L

Algae

EC50

Parameter

1

3.64

Concentration
(mg/L)

Algae - Chlamydomonas reinhardii

Species

Cell multiplication inhibition test

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 72h-exposure

Observations

1 Lowest

EC10

Parameter

1

1.77

Concentration
(mg/L)

Algae - Chlamydomonas reinhardii

Species

Cell multiplication inhibition test

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 72h-exposure

Observations

2
  1. Brack W, Rottler H; Toxicity testing of highly volatile chemicals with green algae — a new assay. Environmental Sci Pollut Res Intern 1: 223-228 (1994)

Invertebrates

EC50

Parameter

1

8.5

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Intoxication; immobilization

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 20 °C; 48h-exposure; < 24h age (Instar)

Observations

3

LC50

Parameter

1

9.1

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 20 °C; 48h-exposure; < 24h age (Instar)

Observations

4

LC50

Parameter

2

30.8

Concentration
(mg/L)

Midge - Tanytarsus dissimilis

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 20 °C; 48h-exposure; 3-4 instar age (Instar)

Observations

5

LC50

Parameter

3

10.2

Concentration
(mg/L)

Opossum shrimp - Mysidopsis bahia

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Saltwater; Satic; 96h-exposure

Observations

6

NOEC

Parameter

1

0.51

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Reproduction

Endpoint

Freshwater; Renewal; 20 °C; 28d-exposure; < 24h age (Instar)

Observations

7 Lowest
  1. Richter JE et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 12 (6): 679-684 (1983) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 8, 2017)
  2. Call DJ et al; EPA 600/3-83-095, U.S.EPA, Duluth, MN: 120 p. (1983) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 8, 2017)
  3. USEPA; Ambient water quality criteria for tetrachlorethylene. EPA 440/5-80-073. NTS PB81-117830 (1980)

Fish

LC50

Parameter

1

46

Concentration
(mg/L)

Bluegill - Lepomis macrochirus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 21-23 °C; 24h-exposure; Young of year

Observations

8

LC50

Parameter

1

13

Concentration
(mg/L)

Bluegill - Lepomis macrochirus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 21-23 °C; 96h-exposure; Young of year

Observations

9

LC50

Parameter

2

1.6

Concentration
(mg/L)

Japanese medaka - Oryzias latipes

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 20 °C; 48h-exposure

Observations

10

LC50

Parameter

3

27

Concentration
(mg/L)

Japanese medaka - Oryzias latipes

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; 96h-exposure; 1d egg

Observations

11

LC50

Parameter

3

130

Concentration
(mg/L)

Ide - Leuciscus idus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; 96h-exposure

Observations

12

LC50

Parameter

4

5

Concentration
(mg/L)

Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 12 °C; 96h-exposure

Observations

13

LC50

Parameter

5

5

Concentration
(mg/L)

Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 11.6 °C; 24h, 48 and 72h-exposure

Observations

14

LC50

Parameter

6

8.43

Concentration
(mg/L)

American flagfish - Jordanella floridae

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow throught; 25 ± 2 °C; 96h-exposure; 2-4 months age (Juvenile(s))

Observations

15

LC50

Parameter

7

21.4

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 12 °C; 96h-exposure

Observations

16

LC50

Parameter

7

18.4

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 12 °C; 96h-exposure

Observations

17

LC50

Parameter

8

17.9

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 25 °C; 24h-exposure; 30-35d age

Observations

18

LC50

Parameter

8

15.9

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 25 °C; 48h-exposure; 30-35d age

Observations

19

LC50

Parameter

8

14.9

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 25 °C; 72h-exposure; 30-35d age

Observations

20

LC50

Parameter

8

13.4

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 25 °C; 96h-exposure; 30-35d age

Observations

21

LC50

Parameter

9

9.8

Concentration
(mg/L)

Sheepshead minnow - Cyprinodon variegatus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Saltwater; Static; 22.5-22.8 °C; 96h-exposure

Observations

22

LC50

Parameter

10

5

Concentration
(mg/L)

Dab - Limanda limanda

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Saltwater; Flow through; 96h-exposure

Observations

23

NOEC

Parameter

6

2.34

Concentration
(mg/L)

American flagfish - Jordanella floridae

Species

Survival

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 25 ± 1 °C; 28d-exposure

Observations

24
  1. Buccafusco RJ et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 26 (4): 446-452 (1981) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 8, 2017)
  2. Yoshioka Y et al; Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 12 (1): 15-21 (1986) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 8, 2017)
  3. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS); Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 68: Tetrachloroethene (127-18-4) (2006). Available at: http://www.inchem.org/pages/cicads.html (accessed February 8, 2017)
  4. Shubat PJ et al; Bull environ Contam Toxicol 28: 7-10 (1982) as cited in the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS); Environmental Health Criteria 31: Tetrachloroethylene (127-18-4) (1984). Available at: http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html (accessed February 8, 2017)
  5. Shubat PJ et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28 (1): 7-10 (1982) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 8, 2017)
  6. Smith AD et al; The Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Organic Compounds to the American Flagfish (Jordanella floridae). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 20: 94-102 (1991).
  7. Alexander HC et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 20 (3): 344-352 (1978) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 8, 2017)
  8. Walbridge CT et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 12 (6): 661-666 (1983) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 8, 2017)
  9. Horne JD et al; Final Report, EPA Contract No. 68-01-6201, NUS Corporation, Houston, TX: 196 p. (1983) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 7, 2017)
  10. Pearson CR, McConnell G; Proc R Soc Lond B 189: 305-332 (1975) as cited in the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS); Environmental Health Criteria 31: Tetrachloroethylene (127-18-4) (1984). Available at: http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html (accessed February 8, 2017)

Mammals

LC50

Parameter

1

5200

Concentration
(ppm)

Mouse

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; 4h-inhalation

Observations

25

LC50

Parameter

1

2978

Concentration
(ppm)

Mouse

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; 6h-inhalation

Observations

26

LC50

Parameter

2

2445

Concentration
(ppm)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; 4h-inhalation

Observations

27

LC50

Parameter

1

4100

Concentration
(ppm)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; 6h-inhalation

Observations

28

LC50

Parameter

1

5000

Concentration
(ppm)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; 8h-inhalation

Observations

29

LD50

Parameter

3

320

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; oral

Observations

30

LD50

Parameter

4

4678

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; intraperitoneal

Observations

31
  1. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Geneva, 1972-PRESENT (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php p. V63 191 (1995) (accessed November 5, 2015)
  2. National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme; Tetrachloroethylene (127-18-4) Assessment Report No. 15 p. 46 (June 2001) as cited in the TOXNET database. Available at: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ (accessed February 8, 2017)
  3. European Commission, ESIS; IUCLID Dataset, Tetrachloroethylene (127-18-4) (2000 CD-ROM edition) as cited in the TOXNET database. Available at: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ (accessed February 8, 2017)
  4. Lewis RJ Sr; Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th ed. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. (2004)
References

Boethling RS, Howard PH, Meylan W, Stiteler W, Beauman J, Tirado N. 1994. Group contribution method for predicting probability and rate of aerobic biodegradation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28: 459-465.

Bonn Agreement, 1994. European Classification System, Bonn Agreement: Counter-Pollution Manual. Bonn Agreement, London (Chapter 25).

GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), 2014. Revised GESAMP Hazard Evaluation Procedure for Chemical Substances Carried by Ships, 2nd edition. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 64, 126 pp.

GESAMP Composite List, 2016. ANNEX 5 – UPDATED GESAMP COMPOSITE LIST. Available at: https://edocs.imo.org/Final Documents/English/PPR 1-CIRC.3 (E).docx (Accessed: December 12, 2016).

Harold PD, Souza AS, Louchart P, Russell D, Brunt H, 2014. Development of a risk based prioritisation methodology to inform public health emergency planning and preparedness in case of accidental spill at sea of hazardous and noxious substances (HNS). Environ. Int. 72: 157-163.