Fate, weathering, behaviour and toxicity of priority Hazardous and Noxious Substances

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On this database it is collected information on fate, weathering, behaviour and toxicity of priority Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) from different sources. This systematized information is a useful tool to predict the behaviour of priority HNS in accidental spills, backing spill preparedness and effective decision-making process. This database also provides an important support to environmental and human health risk assessment, and monitoring actions.

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Name: Styrene

CAS Number: 100-42-5

UN Number: 2055

Formulae: C8H8

Name: Styrene

CAS Number: 100-42-5

UN Number: 2055

Formulae: C8H8

Physicochemical properties/Characteristics

FE

Physical behaviour (GESAMP, 2016)

1, 2

104.152

Molecular Weight
(g/mol)

2

0.91

Density
(kg/L)

2

0.85

Vapour pressure
(KPa; 25ºC)

2

300

Water solubility
(mg/L; 25ºC)

2

0.70

Dynamic viscosity
(mPa.s; 25ºC)

2, 3

-31.0

Melting point (ºC)

2

145.0

Boiling point (ºC)

2

27.1

Volatilization half-life (days)

4
  1. G: gas; D: dissolver; E: evaporator; F: floater; S: sinker; GD: gas/dissolver; DE: dissolver/evaporator; FD: floater/dissolver; FE: floater/evaporator; FED: floater/evaporator/dissolver; Fp: persistent floater; SD: sinker/dissolver
  2. Values collected from the literature and public databases e.g. PubChem
  3. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  4. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM

Fugacity/Persistence

1.01

Air

4, 5

97.20

Water

4, 5

0.01

Soil

4, 5

1.74

Sediment

4, 5

8.2

Persistence (days)

4
  1. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM
  2. In the present study, only emissions in water were considered

Physicochemical degradation/Biodegradation

4.6

Atmosferic Oxidation (hours)

4

R

Biodegradation rate (GESAMP, 2016)

6, 7

0.55

Aerobic biodegradation probability

4

3.70 days-weeks

Primary aerobic biodegradation half-life

4, 8

2.99 weeks

Ultimate aerobic biodegradation half-life

4, 8

3.9

Hydrocarbon Biodegradation half-life (days)

3, 4

0.35

Anaerobic Biodegradation probability

4
  1. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  2. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM
  3. Results obtained from the literature
  4. GESAMP criteria consider substances to be “readily biodegradable” (R) if, in 28-day biodegradation studies, the following levels of degradation are achieved: in tests based upon dissolved organic carbon (DOC) die-away: ≥ 70%; or in tests based upon oxygen depletion or carbon dioxide generation: ≥ 60% of the theoretical maxima; or where only chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) data are available, the ratio of BOD5/COD ≥ 0.5; or where other convincing scientific evidence is available to demonstrate that the substance can be degraded (biotically and/or abiotically) in the aquatic environment to a level of > 70% within a 28-day period. Otherwise they are “not readily biodegradable” (NR) (GESAMP, 2014).
  5. See Table 1 in the supplementary material for more information on the rating reported by Boethling et al. (1994)

Bioaccumulation/Biotransformation

0.50

Biotransformation half-life (days)

2

2.95

Partition coefficient (log Kow)

2

64.6

Bioconcentration factor (BFC)

4

3

Bioaccumulation rate (GESAMP, 2016)

9

2.95

Adsorption coefficient (log koc)

2
  1. Values collected from the literature and public databases e.g. PubChem
  2. Values estimated with models of the EPI suiteTM
  3. See Table 2 in the supplementary material for more information on Bioaccumulation rate classification (GESAMP, 2014)

Aquatic Toxicity

3

Acute toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

10

-

Chronic toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

3, 10
  1. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  2. See Table 3 in the supplementary material for more information on Aquatic Toxicity classification (GESAMP, 2014)

Acute Mammals/Human health effects

1

Oral Toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

0

Dermal toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

2

Inhalation toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

2

Skin irritation & corrosion (GESAMP, 2016)

11

2

Eye irritation & corrosion (GESAMP, 2016)

11

2

Toxicity

12

14

Severity

12
  1. See Table 4 in the supplementary material for more information on Human health (Toxic effects to mammals) classification (GESAMP, 2014)
  2. For more information on Toxicity and Severity scores consult Harold et al. (2014)

Chronic Human/Mammals health effects

2

Carcinogenicity (IARC)

3, 13

Yes

Mutagenicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Reprotoxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Sensitizing to skin (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Aspiration hazard (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Target Organ Toxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Sensitizing to respiratory system (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Neurotoxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11

No

Immunotoxicity (GESAMP, 2016)

11
  1. “-“ corresponds to values not found
  2. See Table 4 in the supplementary material for more information on Human health (Toxic effects to mammals) classification (GESAMP, 2014)
  3. See Table 5 in the supplementary material for more information on IARC classification

Toxicity tests results
PNECseawater: 4 µg/L
PNECwater, intermittent: 40 µg/L

Algae

EC50

Parameter

1

3.9

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Species

Decrease in population abundance

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 24-25 °C; 24h-exposure

Observations

1

EC50

Parameter

1

0.56

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Species

Decrease in population abundance

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 24-25 °C; 48h-exposure

Observations

2

EC50

Parameter

1

1.4

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Species

Decrease in population abundance

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 24-25 °C; 72h-exposure

Observations

3

EC50

Parameter

1

0.72

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Species

Decrease in population abundance

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 24-25 °C; 96h-exposure

Observations

4

EC50

Parameter

2

4.9

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Species

Growth rate

Endpoint

Freshwater; 72h-exposure

Observations

5

NOEC

Parameter

3

0.063

Concentration
(mg/L)

Green algae - Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Species

Decrease in population abundance

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 24-25 °C; 96h-exposure

Observations

6 Lowest
  1. Cushman JR et al; Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 37: 173-180 (1997) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed January 25, 2017)
  2. European Union Risk Assessment Report - styrene Part I Environment. Final Report, 2002. Available at: https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/a05e9fc2-eaf7-448e-b9b2-d224d28173c0 (accessed February 2, 2017)
  3. Geiger DL et al; Acute toxicities of organic chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), Volume 5. Centre for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, United States of America. pp 332 (1990)

Invertebrates

EC50

Parameter

1

5

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 20-21 °C; 24h-exposure; ≤ 24h age

Observations

7

EC50

Parameter

1

4.7

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 20-21 °C; 48h-exposure; ≤ 24h age

Observations

8

LC50

Parameter

2

255

Concentration
(mg/L)

Water flea - Daphnia magna

Species

Intoxication, immobilization

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 20-22 °C; 24h-exposure; ≤ 24 h age

Observations

9

LC50

Parameter

3

68

Concentration
(mg/L)

Brine shrimp - Artemia salina

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Saltwater; 24.5 °C; 24h-exposure

Observations

10

LC50

Parameter

3

52

Concentration
(mg/L)

Brine shrimp - Artemia salina

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Saltwater; 24.5 °C; 48h-exposure

Observations

11

LC50

Parameter

4

12.1

Concentration
(mg/L)

Opossum shrimp - Americamysis bahia

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Saltwater; Static; 96h-exposure

Observations

12
  1. Cushman JR et al; Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 37: 173-180 (1997) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed January 25, 2017)
  2. Bringmann G, Kuhn R; TR-79-1204, Literature Research Company, Annandale, VA: 26 p. (1977) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 9, 2017)
  3. Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 46 (1): 63-77 (1974) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed November 5, 2015)
  4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; U.S.EPA Contract No. 68-01-4646, Duluth, MN: 9 p. (1978) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 1, 2017)

Fish

LC50

Parameter

1

26

Concentration
(mg/L)

Goldfish - Carassius auratus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 20 °C; 24h-exposure

Observations

13

LC50

Parameter

2

64.74

Concentration
(mg/L)

Goldfish - Carassius auratus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25 °C; 24 h and 96h-exposure

Observations

14

LC50

Parameter

2

25.05

Concentration
(mg/L)

Bluegill - Lepomis macrochirus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25 °C; 24h, 48h and 96h-exposure

Observations

15

LC50

Parameter

2

74.83

Concentration
(mg/L)

Guppy - Poecilia reticulata

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 25 °C; 24h, 48h and 96h-exposure

Observations

16

LC50

Parameter

3

6.59

Concentration
(mg/L)

Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Static; 96h-exposure

Observations

17

LC50

Parameter

4

12

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 22 °C; 24h-exposure

Observations

18

LC50

Parameter

4

11

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 22 °C; 72h-exposure

Observations

19

LC50

Parameter

4

10

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 22 °C; 96h-exposure

Observations

20

LC50

Parameter

5

4.02

Concentration
(mg/L)

Fathead minnow - Pimephales promelas

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Freshwater; Flow through; 96h-exposure

Observations

21 Lowest

LC50

Parameter

6

9.1

Concentration
(mg/L)

Sheepshead minnow - Cyprinodon variegatus

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Saltwater; Static; 25-31 °C; 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h-exposure; 14-28d post-hatch age (Juvenile(s))

Observations

22
  1. Bridie AL et al; Water Res 13 (7): 623-626 (1979) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed February 1, 2017)
  2. Pickering QH, Henderson C; J Water Pollut Control Fed 38 (9): 1419-1429 (1966) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed November 5, 2015)
  3. Castano A et al; Chemosphere 32 (11): 2141-2157 (1996) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed November 5, 2015)
  4. Cushman JR et al; Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 37: 173-180 (1997) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed January 25, 2017)
  5. Geiger DL et al; Acute toxicities of organic chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), Vol. 5. Centre for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, United States of America. pp 332 (1990)
  6. Heitmuller PT et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27 (5): 596-604 (1981) as cited in the ECOTOX database. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm (accessed January 25, 2017)

Mammals

LC50

Parameter

1

4940

Concentration
(ppm)

Mouse

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; 2h-inhalation

Observations

23

LC50

Parameter

2

9500

Concentration
(ppm)

Mouse

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; 4h-inhalation

Observations

24

LC50

Parameter

1

2770

Concentration
(ppm)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; 4h-inhalation

Observations

25

LC50

Parameter

3

2700

Concentration
(ppm)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; 4h-inhalation

Observations

26

LD50

Parameter

2

316

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Mouse

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; oral

Observations

27

LD50

Parameter

1

5000

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rat (male and female)

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; oral

Observations

28

LD50

Parameter

4

898

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

Acute; intraperitoneal

Observations

29

LOEC

Parameter

3

250

Concentration
(ppm)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

F1 and F2 exposed generations, drinking water

Observations

30

NOEC

Parameter

3

125

Concentration
(ppm)

Rat

Species

Mortality

Endpoint

F1 and F2 exposed generations, drinking water

Observations

31

LOEC

Parameter

3

250

Concentration
(ppm)

Rat

Species

Liver to Body weight ratio

Endpoint

6h-day; 5d-week; 13 weeks

Observations

32

NOEC

Parameter

3

125

Concentration
(ppm)

Rat

Species

Liver to Body weight ratio

Endpoint

6h-day; 5d-week; 13 weeks

Observations

33

LOEC

Parameter

5

400

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rat

Species

Decreased female body weight; Decreased embryo/fetus weight; Increased fetal resorption

Endpoint

Oral; daily; 6-15 gestation-day

Observations

34

NOEC

Parameter

5

250

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rat

Species

Decreased female body weight; Decreased embryo/fetus weight; Increased fetal resorption

Endpoint

Oral; Daily; 6-15 gestation-day

Observations

35

LOEC

Parameter

6

900

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rat

Species

Decrease of glutathione content; Inhibition of GST activity

Endpoint

Oral; 7d-exposure

Observations

36

NOEC

Parameter

6

450

Concentration
(mg/kg)

Rat

Species

Decrease of glutathione content; Inhibition of GST activity

Endpoint

Oral; 7d-exposure

Observations

37

LOEC

Parameter

7

104.15

Concentration
(mg/L)

Rat

Species

Embryotoxicity

Endpoint

In vitro culture of postimplantation rat embryos; 10-12 gestation-day; 40h

Observations

38

NOEC

Parameter

7

65.61

Concentration
(mg/L)

Rat

Species

Embryotoxicity

Endpoint

In vitro culture of postimplantation rat embryos; 10-12 gestation-day; 40h

Observations

39
  1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the TLV's and BEI's with Other World Wide Occupational Exposure Values. CD-ROM Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 2005
  2. Sciencelab; Material Safety Data Sheet Styrene monomer (2005). Available at: http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9925112 (accessed October 30, 2015)
  3. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.txt (accessed October 30, 2015)
  4. Lewis RJ Sr; Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th ed. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. (2004)
  5. Srivastava S et al; J Environ Biol 11 (1): 73-77 (1990) as cited in TOXNET database. Available at: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ (accessed November 6, 2015)
  6. Das M et al; Effect of styrene on hepatic mixed function oxidases, glutathione content and glutathione-s-transferase activity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 4(3): 219-227 (1981). DOI: 10.3109/01480548109018130
  7. Brown-Woodman PDC et al; Reprod Toxicol 8 (2): 121-135 (1994). Available at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/223719520_In_vitro_assessment_of_individual_and_interactive_effects_of_aromatic_hydrocarbons_on_embryonic_development_of_the_rat (accessed November 5, 2015)
References

Boethling RS, Howard PH, Meylan W, Stiteler W, Beauman J, Tirado N. 1994. Group contribution method for predicting probability and rate of aerobic biodegradation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28: 459-465.

Bonn Agreement, 1994. European Classification System, Bonn Agreement: Counter-Pollution Manual. Bonn Agreement, London (Chapter 25).

GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), 2014. Revised GESAMP Hazard Evaluation Procedure for Chemical Substances Carried by Ships, 2nd edition. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 64, 126 pp.

GESAMP Composite List, 2016. ANNEX 5 – UPDATED GESAMP COMPOSITE LIST. Available at: https://edocs.imo.org/Final Documents/English/PPR 1-CIRC.3 (E).docx (Accessed: December 12, 2016).

Harold PD, Souza AS, Louchart P, Russell D, Brunt H, 2014. Development of a risk based prioritisation methodology to inform public health emergency planning and preparedness in case of accidental spill at sea of hazardous and noxious substances (HNS). Environ. Int. 72: 157-163.